Ethical Issues to Consider When Doing Research

Ethical Issues to Consider When Doing Research Negotiating Access and Research Ethics Shaban IBISH Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction 1. Problems associated with access 1.1. Why gain physical access is difficult? 2. Strategies to gain access 2.1. Summary of strategies to gain access: 2.2. Allowing yourself sufficient time: 2.3. Using existing contacts and developing new ones: 2.4. Providing a clear account of purpose and type of access required: 2.5. Overcoming organizational concerns about the granting of access: 2.6. Possible benefits to the organization of granting you access: 2.7. Using suitable language: 2.8. Facilitating ease of reply when requesting access: 2.9. Developing your access on an incremental basis: 2.10. Establishing your credibility with intended participants: 3. Define research ethics 3.1.Ethical issues that affect the research process generally 3.2. Ethical issues related to the analysis and reporting stages 3.3. Check List of Requirements for Informed Consent 4. Natural and scope of Ethics 4.1. Ethical issues that affect the research process generally 4.2. Ethical issues during he design and initial access stages 4.3. Ethical issues during the data collection stage 4.4. Data protection and research 5. Conclusion 6. References Abstract From a mainly access and ethics are critical aspects for the conduct of research. Insufficient attention may therefore be paid to gaining access and even less to the likelihood of  ethical concerns arising in relation to the conduct of the research project. In this context, such considerations are important whether you are using secondary data, or you are collecting primary data using Internet-mediated or other methods. Over the past decade, concerns about the ethics of research practice have grown dramatically. There are many ethical issues to be taken into serious consideration for research.Research ethicsinvolves the application of fundamentalethicalprinciples to a variety of topics involvingresearch, including negotiating access. Introduction First of all to clearly understand the idea of negotiation ethics, we must first define what it means to be ethical. To be ethical, or to haveethics, simply means being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, especially concerning the standards of a profession.With this in mind, negotiation ethics is the application of ethical behavior during pertinent negotiation positions. Many students want to start their research as soon as they have identified a topic area, forgetting that access and ethics are critical aspects for the success of any research project. Like the sub-contractors used by Procter and Gamble, you will need to think about how you are going to gain access to the data you need, and how you are going to explain to those from whom you are obtaining data why you need that data. Such considerations are important whether you are using secondary data, or you are collecting primary data using Internet-mediated or other methods. Over the past decade, concerns about the ethics of research practice have grown dramatically. Consequently, you need to think carefully about how you will gain access to undertake your research and about possible ethical concerns that could arise in relation to the conduct of your entire research project. These are aspects that require careful attention at the outset of any research project. Without paying careful attention to how you are going to gain access to the data you require and acting ethically, what seem like good ideas for research may flounder and prove impractical or problematic once you attempt to undertake them. 1. Problems associated with access Your ability to collect data will depend on gaining access to their source or to appropriate sources where there is a choice. The appropriateness of a source will of course depend on your research question, related to objectives and strategy. The first level of access is physical access or entry. Gaining physical access can be difficult for number of reasons 1.1. Why gaining physical access is difficult Organizations or individuals may not be prepared to engage in additional, voluntary activities because of the time and resources required. The request for access and cooperation may fail to interest the person who receives it. The organization may find itself in a difficult situation owing to external events totally unrelated to any perceptions about the nature of the request or the person making, so that they have no choice but to refuse access. Physical access to an organization will be formally granted through its management. Access may also refer to your ability to select a representative sample of organizational participants in order to attempt to answer your research question and meet your objectives in an unbiased way and to produce reliable and valid data. Cognitive access will lead you to gain access to the data that you need your intended participants to share with you in order to understand their social reality and to be able to address your research question and objectives. Access is likely to be a problem area, in terms of gaining permission for physical access, maintaining that access, and being able to create sufficient scope to address fully the research question and objectives that guide your work. The extent to which feasibility will affect the nature of your research, or at least the approach that you adopt. A request to undertake research may involve you seeking access to a range of participants based on an organizational sample. 2. Strategies to gain access The need to identify a feasible research question and objectives, from the perspective of gaining access. Personal entry to an organization will be less applicable where you send a self-administered, postal questionnaire to organizational participants, in situations where you do not need to gain physical access in order to identify participants. 2.1. Summary of strategies to gain access: Allowing yourself sufficient time Using existing contacts and developing new ones Providing a clear account of purpose and type of access required Overcoming organizational concerns about the granting of access Identifying possible benefits to the organization in granting you access Using suitable language Facilitating ease of reply when requesting access Developing your access on an incremental basis Establishing your credibility with intended participants. Potential ethical issues should be recognized and considered from the outset of you research and be one of the criteria against which your research proposal is judged. Ethical concerns are likely to occur at all stages of your research project: when seeking access, during data collection, as you analyze data and when you report them. Qualitative research is likely to lead to a grater range of ethical concerns in comparison with quantitative research, although all research methods have specific ethical issues associated with them. Ethical concerns are also associated with the power relationship between the research and those who grant access, and the researcher’s role (as external researcher, internal researcher). The use of the Internet and email to collect data may also generate ethical concerns. 2.2. Allowing yourself sufficient time: Physical access may take weeks or even months to arrange, and in many cases the time invested will not result in access being granted. If you are able to contact a participant directly, such as manager, and exchange of correspondence may be sufficient to gain access. In the situation where your intended participants are not the same people who grant you physical access, you will need to allow further time to gain their acceptance. Once you have gained physical access to the organization and to your participants, you will be concerned with gaining cognitive access. 2.3. Using existing contacts and developing new ones: The use of known contacts will depend largely on your choice of research strategyand approach to selecting a sample, as suggested by your research question and objectives. You will need to be able to identify the most appropriate person to contact for help, either directly or indirectly. You may consider making a direct approach to an organization in an attempt to identify the appropriate person to contact in relation to a particular research project. 2.4. Providing a clear account of purpose and type of access required: Providing a clear account of your requirements will allow your intended participants to be aware of what will be required from them. Establishing your credibility will be vital in order to gain access. 2.5. Overcoming organizational concerns about the granting of access: Concerns about the amount of time or resources that will be involved in the request for access. Sensitivity about the topic. The confidentiality of the data that would have to be provided and the anonymity of the organization or individual participants. 2.6. Possible benefits to the organization of granting you access: A discussion may allow them to think through an issue and to reflect on the action that they have adopted to manage it. The intention would be to provide each of your participants with something of value and to fulfill any expectations about exchange between the provider and receiver of the research data, thereby prompting some of those whom you approach to grant access. Where access is granted in return for supplying a report of your findings it may be important to devise a simple contract to make clear what has been agreed. 2.7. Using suitable language: Some researchers advise against referring to certain terms used in relation to research activity when making an approach to an organization for access, because these may be perceived as threatening or not interesting to the potential participant. Use of language will depend largely on the nature of the people you are contacting. 2.8. Facilitating ease of reply when requesting access: The inclusion of a simple pro forma for recipients of you written requests for access to use generally ensures a reply. It may not be suitable in all cases, and should be designed to fit the research method being used. 2.9. Developing your access on an incremental basis: Reference has been made above to the strategy of achieving access by stages: The first stage involved a request to conduct interviews. The next stage involved negotiating access to undertake observation. The final stage was in effect an extension to the second stage and involved gaining permission to tape-recorded the interactions being observed. There are potentially a number of advantages related to the use of this strategy. Using an incremental strategy at least gains you access to a certain level of data. As you establish your credibility, you can develop the possibility of achieving a fuller level of data. A further advantage may follow from the opportunity that you have to design your request for further access specifically to the situation and in relation to opportunities that may become apparent from your initiallevel of access. But the incremental process will be time consuming, and you need to consider the amount of time that you will have for your research project before embarking on such a strategy. 2.10. Establishing your credibility with intended participants: Just because you have been granted entry into an organization, you will not be able to assume that those whom you wish to interview, survey or observe will be prepared to provide their cooperation [1]. Feasibility has been recognized to be organizations and to intended participants within them have been described and discussed. Research ethics refer to the appropriateness of your behavior in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of your work or are affected by the work [2]. 3. Define research ethics The conduct of your research may be guided by a code of ethics. A code of ethics will provide you with a statement of principles and procedures for the conduct of your research. You may also be required to submit your research proposal to a faculty or institutional research ethics committee. Researchers need to be sensitive to the way in which the granting of access affects this type of relationship. In addition, as a research in an organizational setting you will need to remain sensitive to the fact that your presence is a temporary one, whereas the people from whom you collect data will need to work together after you depart. 3.1.Ethical issues that affect the research process generally Privacy of possible and actual participants Voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw partially or completely from the process Consent and possible deception of participants Maintenance of the confidentiality of data provided by individuals or identifiable participants and their anonymity Reactions of participants to the way in which you seek to collect data Effects on participants of the way in which you use, analyze and report your data Behavior and objectivity of the researcher. 3.2. Ethical issues related to the analysis and reporting stages The maintenance of you objectivity will be vital during the analysis stage to make sure that you do not misrepresent the data collected. The ethical issues of confidentiality and anonymity also come to the fore during the reporting stage of your research. Embarrassment and even harm could result from reporting data that are clearly attributable to a particular individual. This discussion about the impact of research on the collective interests of those who participate brings us back to the reference made above to the particular ethical issues that arise in relation to the analysis of secondary data derived from survey research. Where you are aware that your findings may be used to make a decision that could adversely affect the collective interests of those who were your participants, it may be ethical to refer to this possibility even though it reduces the level of access that you achieve. [1]. 3.3. Check List of Requirements for Informed Consent What is the purpose? Who will undertake it? Whether it is sponsored Sampling of participants; The progress of the research; The information required from the participants; How the date The information required from the participants; How the date will be collected; How much time how many occasions; The target dates; recognition that participation is voluntary; Dissemination of the results; How will anonymity and privacy will be observed at this stage? What will happen to data after the project is completed? What safeguards will be built in to preserve the anonymity in the future? [4]. 4. Natural and scope of Ethics 4.1. Ethical issues that affect the research process: Privacy of possible and actual participants, Voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw partially or completely from the process, Confidentiality of data provided y individuals and their anonymity, Reaction of participants to the way in which you seek to collect data, Effect on participants of the way in which you use, analyze and report your data, Behavior and objectivity of the researcher, Privacy is significant, Power relationship in business and management research, Harassment of any kind, Netiquette,Consider the applicability if Internet as a means to collect data. 4.2. Ethical issues during the design and initial access stages Take care of the Law for private data, Take care how you obtain and use secondary data, If somebody agrees to participate in the research it does not mean that he agrees, about the way you discuss the data received. 4.3. Ethical issues during the data collection stage Right to privacy, Netiquette, Confidentiality and anonymity, No chat rooms with the results, Careful with the observations – be objective and not subjective, Habituation, Debriefing. 4.4. Data protection and research Process personal data fairly and lawfully, Accurate and keep up-to-date, Keep securely, Do not transfer outside the country [3]. 5. Conclusion The process of research can be painstakingly time consuming. It can involve the overcoming of many obstacles and may unfortunately need to be revised several times as you progress through the steps. In this concept research methods in negotiating and ethics is so important. Many students want to start their research as soon as they have identified a topic area, forgetting that access and ethics are critical aspects for the success of any research project. Like the sub-contractors used by Procter and Gamble, you will need to think about how you are going to gain access to the data you need, and how you are going to explain to those from whom you are obtaining data why you need that data. 4 main components of negotiating access and research ethics are : Problems associated with access, Strategies to gain access, Define research ethics, Natural and scope of Ethics. Finally, research ethics refer to the appropriateness of your behavior in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of your work or are affected by the work. 6. References [1] Tang Weijun Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2008). [2] Saunders, M. N. K., Thornhill, A., Lewis, P. (2009). Research methods for business students, 5/E. Prentice Hall. [3]https://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CCwQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuc-edu.eu%2Fgroup%2Fsem1_L2%2FPDEVR2010%2F_8_Negotiating%2520access.pptei=ygTnUo_ALum1yAOox4HgCQusg=AFQjCNEMxZmCZPymxnmWI-hn3AG-lxgROQcad=rja [4]http://www.iucedu.eu/group/mba_learning/2011%20research%20methods/Research%20methods%205.pdf

Fight :: essays papers

Fight At a huge party in Long Beach Island, locals show up at the party. The house is small, but it has a front lawn that is a nice size to throw a party. The house and lawn is surrounded by a fence that is sharp at the top to prevent anyone from climbing over it easily. The house is between several other houses that are owned by families. The party is being thrown by kids that only go there for the summers. There is high tension between the locals and the summer kids. Therefore, when the locals showed up, the summer kids immediately threw them out. They were all talking about the incident and laughing. However, it was not over with. The locals came back with more numbers to start a fight. Act I Scene 1 The scene begins with three car loads of local kids pulling up to the house. Jason Gorski, Jeff Storms, Eddie Frost, Rich Mickens, Rob Philops, and Jake Collins are the tough guys that are at the party. The rest of the party is compiled of sailors and girls. The six see them getting out of there cars and start walking fast over to greet them. Jeff: (As he walks counts how many there are. He finds there are well over twelve of them and only six of them, so he makes a strategy of taking as many as he can out quickly.) Rob: (He clenches his fists as he walks, getting pumped up.) Jake: He waits behind the rest because he is not too sure what is to come. Jason: (He is behind the rest with Jake, but doesn’t want to miss any action, so he speeds up to the front.) Jeff: (He goes directly up to one of the locals and head buts him.) The kids nose busts open and blood is poring everywhere. Jeff must have broken the kids nose. Jeff: (After he head buts the one kid, he takes another kid down to the ground with a head in the chest double leg. He repeatedly punched the kid in the face.) The kid was bleeding harshly from his face. Jason: (He walks up to one of the guys and just starts hitting him in the face.

Motivation & behaviour Essay

Motivation is seen as an internal state of an organism that drives it to behave in a certain way. The behaviour is seen to be goal directed. The clearest examples of this can be derived from the studies made by Cannon. Cannon (1932) developed a primary or physiological drive theory. This theory is associated with the concept of homeostasis, a term used to describe the stable equilibrium of body systems. Claude Bernard (1956) was the first to emphasis the importance of a constant internal environment to survival. The internal environment of the body consists of such systems as the oxygen content of the blood, the concentration of nutrients such as glucose, the water balance and temperature. All of these systems can only fluctuate within narrow limits if health or even survival is to be maintained. As a system fluctuates from its stable state for reasons such as if we go out in the cold or use up a lot of energy, the body tries to restore homeostatic equilibrium through physiological and behavioural mechanisms. For instance if we have not eaten for a while, we develop a body tissue need for food. This leads to a drive to eat, and eating reduces the drive and restores homeostasis. This sequence is a simple example of behaviour motivated by a primary physiological drive aroused by a tissue need, and the whole class of motivated behaviours is represented by these homeostatic primary drives. Cannon’s drive theory has been developed to explain more complicated behaviours. In these models the behaviour is driven by an internal state of need. For example we go to work to earn money, which in turn buys us food, which satisfies our tissue need. The simple picture of a tissue deficiency leading to a specific need, which in turn arouses appropriate behaviour, is very appealing and many experiments have been carried out to see if this is the case. However, most of these studies have been carried out on non-human animals. Therefore this area of study could be criticised for being unrepresentative and ridged. Some behaviours such as why rats eat saccharin cannot be explained by this model, as saccharin is a not a nutritious, but sweet tasting substance, which does not satisfy a primary tissue need. Humans lead full and complex lives; some researches believe that our motivated behaviour cannot be compared to that of a non-human animal. In the past motivation has been divided up into extrinsic and intrinsic motives. With extrinsic motives you can identify a clear reward or incentive or reinforcement for the behaviour. Behaviourists have shown that almost any behaviour can be learnt on the basis of a reward. Other behaviours seem to have no obvious external reward and these are referred to as intrinsic motives. Humans have many behaviours without a strong link to physiology such as curiosity and manipulation. However these drives are simply descriptions of the behaviour so in theory anyone could make up there own set of motives. Murray (1938) used his Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to provide a more reliable set of motives. TAT consists of 20 pictures of people in various situations. The participant is asked to use their imagination to write a story about each picture. The stories are then analysed in terms of the types of motivation represented. From these analyses, Murray produces a set of 20 social motives, or psychogenic needs. These include achievement, affiliation, aggression, deference, nurturance, play, and understanding. Murray’s list sounds convincing and is based on the TAT. However this itself is a projective test and relies on Murray’s own analysis. McClelland (1961) supported Murray’s motives. By using a rating scale, he measured achievement imagery in the stories that children write. McClelland’s work has given achievement more validity as one of the central human motives. However, McClelland’s work is not representative of the whole as it only takes into account children. Other motives in Murray’s list have not been studied in great detail and so lack a degree of validity.

Domestic Violence Essays (1703 words) - Domestic Violence, Abuse

Domestic Violence Essays (1703 words) - Domestic Violence, Abuse Domestic Violence Domestic Violence in America Introduction: Today in American society we have many social ills. Perhaps one of the most upsetting, at least to me personally, is domestic violence. Domestic violence can come in many shapes and forms and affects many different people. Reasons vary for spousal/child abuse, but none are justified. Police/community programs have recently had a more pro-active role in domestic violence, but that is not a solution to our problem at large. On the micro level, the ultimate responsibility of elimination of violence rests on the victim. On the macro level, we must look at our society critically and analyze why we have such an immense problem and how we can help correct it. In the following sections I will discuss domestic violence issues and attempt to offer some solutions. I will frequently use anecdotal evidence, as well as statistical figures. I assign genders to the abuser and victim using he and she or husband and wife frequentlythis is for simplification. Although most victimization is male against female, I am generalizing for simplicity. Discussion: Domestic violence is a prevalent issue in the United States. There is much controversy as too how much violence actually exists in America (much of it takes place behind closed doors and is difficult to identify), but assuredly we have a problem with the issue as it is reported that almost 4% of American families experienced severe physical violence of a degree that had the probability of inflicting injury or death upon the victim (stabbed, gun used, beat up, punched) (www.silcom.com/paladin/madv/faq-dv.html). This 4% may seem like a small figure, but it equates to four million victims (and that only includes the major injury-inflicting violence). Another source states that 1 in 3 women will be assaulted by a domestic partner in her lifetime (www.npcts.edu/uo/handson/domviol/statfact.html). Another source indicates that 63% of parents have engaged in violent acts towards their children (Assaults Against Women and Children, p. 219). Truly this issue is unacceptable in a civil society such as ours. Domestic violence, when most people hear that term, think of husbands assaulting wives. This is an unfair generalization. Violence is more likely against women than men but nevertheless women are sometimes the perpetrators. Another fact left in the corner when discussing domestic violence is how much occurs between high school boyfriends/girlfriends. Figures indicate that 1 in 10 high school students has experienced physical violence in dating. The figure rises to 22% for college students (www.npcts.edu/uo/handson/domviol/statfact.html). Perhaps most importantly and tragically, children can be affected by domestic violence in both direct and indirect ways. A clear estimate of abuse is difficult to determine due to data collection methods and a precise definition of violence against children, but statistics indicate that up to 3 million children are abused/neglected each year Of this number, a mere 150,000 cases are reported. (Dont Call it Child Abuse, Its Really Poverty, p. 260). This number is astronomical and totally unacceptable. Even if children are not directly abused, many witness their parents abuse each other. As a child I witnessed domestic violence (fortunately mostly verbal) nightly when I was young. I didnt understand why they fought so much and so often. I couldnt imagine the way I would have felt had my parents truly injured each other. Most of the time they broke stuff and yelled and screamed. I remember the only way I could interpret the situation (like many other kids) was to blame myself. The emotional stress violence places on kids (even if not directed at them) is a very serious issue. There are many reasons that spouses choose to beat their wives/children. One explanation that is popular is that of frustration. The (often) male authoritarian figure in the household in todays society is often threatened by a burden of responsibilities. Even if the wife does work, often the male feels responsible to be the breadwinner. If he is unable to fulfill his role, or if he feels that the role is threatened, (job problems or wife earning more), he is likely to become disgruntled. This stressful situation leaves the person feeling powerless and without control. The one place where he (again, most of the time it is a male) can have total power and control is

How to Teach Your Students to Write Biography Poems

How to Teach Your Students to Write Biography Poems Biography poems, or Bio poems, are a quick and easy way for young students to learn poetry. They allow students to express their personality and introduce themselves to others, making them a perfect activity for the first day of school. Bio poems can also be used to describe someone else, making them perfect for history lessons or other subjects where students might be studying key historical figures. You will see in the examples below that students can research someone like Rosa Parks, then create a Bio poem on her. Example Bio Poems Here are three examples of Bio Poems. One is about a teacher, one is about a student, and one is about a famous person that students researched. Sample Bio Poem of a Teacher Beth Kind, funny, hard-working, loving Sister of Amy Lover of Computers, Friends, and Harry Potter books Who feels excited on the first day of school, sad when she watches the news, and happy to open a new book Who needs people, books, and computers Who gives help to students, smiles to her husband, and letters to family and friends Who fears war, hunger, and bad days Who would like to visit the pyramids in Egypt, teach the world’s greatest third graders, and read on the beach in Hawaii Resident of California Lewis Sample Bio Poem of a Student Braeden Athletic, strong, determined, fast Son of Janelle and Nathan and brother to Reesa Loves the Diary of a Whimpy Kid books, sports, and Baked Beans Who feels happy when playing with friends, and happy when playing sports and being with his family Who needs books, family, and Legos to by happy in life Who makes people laugh when someone is sad, who likes to gives smiles, and loves hugging Fears the dark, spiders, clowns Would like to visit Paris, France Resident of Buffalo Cox Sample Bio Poem of a Person Researched Rosa Determined, Brave, Strong, Caring Wife of Raymond Parks, and mother of her children Who loved freedom, education, and equality Who loved to stand up for her beliefs, loved to help others, disliked discrimination Who feared racism would never end, who feared she wouldnt be able to make a difference, who feared she wouldnt have enough courage to fight Who changed history by standing up to others and making a difference in equality Who wanted to see an end to discrimination, a world that was equal, and respect was given to all Born in Alabama, and resident in Detroit Parks

The Idea of Youth Development in the Country Essay

The Idea of Youth Development in the Country - Essay Example According to the paper the main barriers that are playing a notable hand in terms of making any measures which are taken in order to prevent AIDS ineffective include lack of public awareness, low literacy rate, no system for sex education, and unsupportive behavior of the government and ethical disintegration of the society. The barriers are originating from one source that is lack of awareness which is fueled by low literacy rate. The people are unaware because they never received any information about the disease and therefore consider it as a myth until and unless it shows up with all of its symptoms and signs. In addition, the sex education is also not common in the country and because of this reason, the people engage in the sexual relations without succumbing to protective measures. The sexual needs are highly volatile in the uneducated people and they usually got carried away with the emotions and they often come to realize that they made a grave mistake but it is usually too late to say the least. The government’s inaction in this regard is a question mark as well. The holistic approach is required to get the demon under control. The steps needed to be taken to control the disease are difficult and time consuming. The skills needed to implement the plan include strong communication capabilities and access to mass communication infrastructure. From this paper it is clear that the disease of HIV and AIDS is spreading throughout the country of Nigeria. The key reasons of the trend include unsafe sex, bad blood transfusion and unclean surgical units and equipment. The sources of disease are present in the society because of lacking public awareness. The significant amount of reported cases is caused by careless sexual relations.

International expansion proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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