Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair Essay

A. What is Ryanair’s strategy and why has it been successful so far? In 1911, Ryanair faced cash flow problem, and was going to be bankrupted. However, it found the way to overcome this crisis by transform themselves from ordinary high-price airlines into the lowest price airline in the EU. They focused on 5 things to rebirth their company. 1. Focused on cut down the costs: Ryanair aggressively cut most of its costs in many ways. Found the routes and airports that charged low landing fees, and low turnaround costs Chose routes to Secondary airports, low airport fee Eliminated all in-flight amenities Used metal stairs instead of â€Å"air bridge† Paid lower commissions to travel agents Saved cost in its internal operations Implemented economies of scale by using one model aircraft and treating all customers equally 2. Focused on operating efficiency: Ryanair carefully allocate all of its resources and assets to get the highest performance outcome. Optimized airplanes usages by relocating the planes used in loss-making routes to gain-making routes. Attempted to increased aircraft turnaround rate in many ways Operated only one type of aircraft Provided the newsletter to employees, which contained its and its competitors’ movements 3. Focused on customer satisfactions: Ryanair sustained customer care. Even though they are mostly middle-to-low classes who expected less services due to the lowest airfares, they would receive more than their expectation. There were 160 full-time reservation agents at its call enter at Dublin answered calls Maintained its record for on-time flight due to good-performed aircraft turnaround Received airfares in other currency Had fewer restrictions to change the tickets 4. Focused on ancillary income: Ryanair gained extra revenue from other sales and services. In-flight sales: beverages, snacks, and traditional items Advertised spaces renting Other referred fees 5. Focused on its employees: Ryanair never forgot to sustain and motivate employees. Imprinted its values to employees. â€Å"the firms as brutally cost conscious† Gave its stock options to employees Rewards system varied with performance, commission, and corporate profits Had lots of job opportunities, e.g. promotion or rotation Had no bureaucracy and hierarchy Compared to its competitors, Ryanair became succeed because it was the first low-cost airlines which provided low airfares that generate increased volume of customers. At the same time, it had maintained a continuous focus on customer satisfactions, cost management and operating efficiencies, leading to the great reputation that transfer â€Å"from mouth to mouth† by its loyalty customers. That created more customer and more income, being its sources of fund for reinvest. Also, the extra revenue from sales, advertised spaces renting, and referral fees could support its financial health and accommodate it to sell the ticket more lower price. Moreover, started with people, Ryanair’s employees shared the same values and goals with their company, â€Å"cost-conscious† with â€Å"good-services†. Sharing the company’s benefit with them also motivated them to work better and better. This was the other important foundation for its success. That’s why, Ryanair was success and became very high competitiveness in this market. B. Looking to the future, what should be the strategic concerns of Ryanair? What recommendations would you make to the top management? In my opinions, the most strategic concerns of Ryanair is its competitors. Assuming we were in 1999, at that time, no carrier that were Ryanair’s primary competitor. However, in this year, no-frills carriers accounted for 3% of the European air travel market. This implied that the competition would be more intense. I would like to go through each competitors one-by-one. Virgin Express: It was most harmful competitor. It had many features as same as Ryanair, and some of them were better than Ryanair’s, e.g. nine languages services in ticket reservations, no physical tickets (lower its costs), etc. Virgin Express’s financial lost in 1998 might be resulted from only a shortage of pilots. If Virgin Express could fix that problems, continuously improve its features, and fully implement cost control, it would become very competitiveness to the market. Suggestion for Ryanair: Sustain doing the  ways Ryanair was, improve quality of service, innovate the ways to reduce costs, and focus more in marketing and creating brand awareness easyJet: It was also harmful competitor. It had the same business model concerned about cost control, it gradually grew and was going to change from subcontracting to their own operation by reinvesting. However, its philosophy was â€Å"won’t complete with other low-fare guys†. Suggestion for Ryanair: Quickly expand the flying routes and grasp that benefits before easyJet does. British Airway’s Go: British Airway’s Go had powerful backups and great brand values. It provided better service in-flight but also sold ticket at the cheap price. Leading to the price competition in the future. Suggestion for Ryanair: The company have to innovate its new unique point to eliminate the problem that it would have faced the loss of its customers to the competitors. It also need to in-depth its group of customers to find the ways out. Also, Ryanair have to be alert all the time. As the market become more intense, only dynamic organization can survive.

Compare and contrast the Lady of Shalott with In Westminster Abby Essay

Consider * The context * The depiction of the women * Form * The poets’ use of language * Your response Both of the poems are about a woman. From the outset the two women appear very different, but when you study them more closely and we can begin to discover similarities. I think that both the woman in The Lady of Shalott and the women in West Minister Abbey are prisoners in some way or form. It is maybe more obvious in The Lady of Shalott where she is actually imprisoned inside a tower which is on an island and more than that she is also imprisoned by a curse which is upon her. The woman in Westminster Abbey is imprisoned by her lack of connection with reality and is so out of touch with the real world that I would say she is a prisoner within her self. The main difference between the two women is that one of them knows she is a prisoner and eventually in the end breaks away (even though it kills her) yet the other is blaitinly unaware. The tradition is which they are written is very different. The Lady of Shalott tells a story therefore it is a Narrative poem. In Westminster is about self-revelation so it is a dramatic monologue. The Lady of Shalott is set in the era of King Author and the Knights of the Round Table. The poem features Sir Lancelot (one of the greatest of the Knights) who is a key character. I think he symbolizes the male system that was very dominant back in the Victorian times. In short Lancelot represents to her all that she can’t have and accepting death is better than being locked up. The poem is split into four parts, which build a kind of chapter formation. Part one gives us a bit of insight to what her surroundings are like and the fact she lives in a tower and that no one really knows very much about her. â€Å"Down to tower’d Camelot: And by the moon the reaper weary, Piling sheaves in uplands airy, Listening, whispers † ‘Tis the fairy Lady of Shalott.† This quote from the poem (which is the last four lines of part 1) tells us that she is perceived almost like some kind of super natural being. In part two the lady of Shalott never stops working. She is weaving a picture of the things she sees reflected by a mirror so what she sees is 2-d and fickle. (Notice the contrast, her surroundings are drab yet her tapestry is colourful) â€Å"A funeral, with plumes and lights and music, went to Camelot: Or when the moon was overhead, Came two young lovers lately wed† The above statement connects the funeral with a wedding like both are equal and that love is equivalent to death. The lady then realizes that there is something unsubstantial about her life and proclaims â€Å"I’m half sick of shadows† In Part three Lancelot appears and she sees his attractive reflection in the mirror, it appeals to her so much that she stops her work and looks out through the window at him. SHOCK the mirror breaks and the curse has come upon her. We can see how the lady almost becomes a mirror in herself with the glassy expression on her face. In this ‘chapter’ the rhyming pattern changes when Lancelot appears, usually every verse ends with the word Shalott but one of the verses ends with Camelot instead. This is symbolic of how much devastation he actually causes, the whole form of the poem alters when he appears. In part four she wonders from the tower down to Camelot. And down the river’s dim expanse — Like some bold seer in a trance, Seeing all his own mischance — With a glassy countenance†¦. These lines tell of the lady’s trance like gaze possibly cause by thoughts of passion and desire (Lancelot). This could indicate that she is not responsible for her own actions. The changes of weather in the ‘chapter’ indicate the change in mood. She comes down to Camelot and finds a boat that is her final resting-place. She does not kill her self, nor is she evil because her last song is said to be mournful and holy. All the people gather round her and in the crowd, totally oblivious to the fact he caused her death Lancelot proclaims that god has mercy on her as she has a lovely face. In Westminster Abbey is set during a war against Germany in the church in Westminster abbey. A woman is talking the whole time, which makes this, distinctly different from the last. In fact she is doing more than talking, she is praying. Once we discover that the audience is God we become very shocked by the things she is coming out with, especially when she says if he makes a mistake she will forgive him! She is being incredibly selfish and asking for special treatment i.e. that she should be protected more than anyone else. The woman is being greedy and praying for silly things like that her shares down go down and such like. In one of the verses she is talking about why England should win. There is great juxtaposition in the list that she gives placing things like democracy and class distinction together and then bringing in the fact they have proper drains, which just shows her snobbery. In other parts she is racist telling god to protect the blacks but to protect the whites more, which is saying that whites are more important just because they are more sophisticated and probably more civilized that the blacks she was talking about. The last verse gives us real insight into her character. She asks God for what she wants and expects to have her prayers answered in return for doing things she should have been doing any way. I.e. helping the war effort and going to church ‘when ever she got the time’. The poem ends with her having to leave for a social occasion- â€Å"A now dear lord I cannot wait, Because I have a luncheon date† She is a snob and she thinks God is one too, instead of praying to him in her local church she comes all the was to Westminster because she thinks God will view her prayer as more important. The end line of every verse deflates to what she has said (exposes the selfishness). The poet uses irony to show her up so you can’t help laughing because you become almost astonished by the things that she says. The woman’s actions don’t co-inside with her words and the language doesn’t fit. This makes her seem like a walking contradiction. I think there is great contrast in both the context and styles of these poems but there still are similarities. They are both poems with a message; the message in The Lady of Shalott is that if you strive for more freedom you might end up dead. The message in the second poem is that we aren’t always aware of our faults etc. but they are always there.

Descarte’s Causal Argument

Descartes casts everything into doubt in the first meditation, including God Himself. He then comes to this disproval of this theory therefore concluding that God exists. This is brought about through the causal argument. Desartes begins this argument with the causal principle. This principle states that there must be at least as much reality in the effcient and total cause as in the effect of the cause. Therefore a cause is essential for an effect, meaning that a cause must have as much reality as an effect if not more. Descartes then applies this principle to ideas.He establishes 2 realities; formal reality and objective reality. Formal reality refers to that what makes an object, what the object is made of. Formal realities can be any of the hierarchy of being- infinite substance, finite substance and mode. For instance the formal reality of a bag is finite, thus a bag is a finite substance. Objective reality refers to ideas only. It is therefore the formal reality of the thing re presenting the idea. Lets take â€Å" the idea of a bag†. All ideas have the formal reality of a mode therefore its formal reality is that of a mode.On the other hand, the objective reality of â€Å"the idea of a bag† is a finite substance. This is because a bag in itself is a finite substance and because it is an idea, its objective reality is finite. Hence it maybe understood that only ideas of things can have objective realities; a bag (for example) in itself can only have a formal reality while the idea of a bag (for example) can have both formal reality and objective. Descartes henceforth distinguishes between formal and objective realities as previously stated. This then leads Descartes to put the causal principle and ideas together, establishing causal principle ideas.Descartes asks if the cause of the idea of something can be a mode. As stated above, the cause of an effect must have more reality that the effect itself. An idea of something has the formal realit y of a mode yet the objective reality of the â€Å"something†. Thus, if the example of the bag is used, the idea of a bag has the objective reality of a finite substance. So taking the causal principle into perspective, the cause of this idea must be either a finite substance or an infinite substance because the cause must have the same or a higher reality. If we then ask the question â€Å"can the cause of the idea of a bag be a mode?†The answer would be no. The reason being that the idea of a bag has an objective reality of a finite substance so the cause must indeed be finite or infinite. The essence of the Causal Argument is then discussed after all this was established. Descartes brings up the idea of God and questions it. He had put even God into doubt in Meditation 1 and this argument is resurfaced in Meditation 3. â€Å"The idea of God† , as every idea, has the formal reality of a mode yet its objective reality is unique. It has the objective reality of an infinite substance.An infinite substance in itself refers to God. Due to these facts, Descartes himself, or any human for that matter, cannot be the cause of such an idea because they are finite substances which has less reality than an infinite substance. Hence, Descartes concludes that only God Himself can be the cause of the idea of God because an infinite substance is the only possible cause to an idea of the objective reality of an infinite substance. This is Descartes proof of the existence of God. Through further reference to Descartes’ first meditation, this eliminates any doubts of God.Descartes states that whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived is true and God is good. Hence, the evil demon theory in the first meditation is eliminated. If God is good then we cannot be being deceived by an evil demon because God would not let us be deceived like that. Through â€Å"whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived is true†, we understand that we are not dr eaming, we are existing and living. Descartes builds the rest of his meditations on this. Before everything was cast into doubt, now the truths are being revealed through these foundations.

Laissez-faire: Supply and Demand and Demand Curve

TASK 1 Laissez-faire Laissez-faire is an economic environment in which transaction between private parties are free from tariffs, government subsidies, and enforced monopolies, with only enough government regulation sufficient to protect property rights against theft and aggression. The phrase laissez-faire is French and literally means â€Å"let them do†. But it broadly implies â€Å"let it be†, or â€Å"leave it alone†. A laissez-faire state and completely free market has never existed, though the degree of government regulation varies considerably. The basic characteristics of Laissez-faire economic systemFree competition The main body of the economic operation is for a large number of small private enterprises. Production and management strategies are made by private capitalists according to changing in market supply and demand. Private capitalists are free to participate or exit the economic activity of any of industries. The form of price is spontaneous in market. It shows the change of supply and demand, it can distribute the scarce resources to producers, and also distributes goods and services to consumers. Consumer rights Consumers are the main part of economic operation.Consumer rights show: private capitalists must be base on and consider the preferences of consumers in the coordination of production and management strategies. According to consumers in the market, the number of monetary voting (consumers use their own money to purchase their favorite products, it is also another form of voting), and understand the social consumption trends. Thus distributes human and material resources, financial resources, production and meet consumers demand to achieve the purpose of maximum profit. Consumers are the guidance of economic activity through the function of preference for certain goods and services.Protecting of government Laissez-faire economic activities and resource allocation by the market mechanism to promote, the country or the government's economic functions are restricted to the protection of free competition, protection of private property, set up some necessary public utilities and public facilities. The components are absence to function an idealized free market. The problems mainly in the following aspects: 1. The competition between enterprises is limited, and some may be a monopoly industries. In these cases, they will push up prices, up profits. 2.The lack of competition to promote efficient and profitable company†¦ 3. Power and wealth may not equal distribution. 4. Some of the company's behavior is harmful to the society. 5. Private enterprise will not produce some of the whole society to their own advantage but without the product. 6. The free market economy could lead to macroeconomic instability, may appear high unemployment and production of the decline of the recession and rising prices. TASK 2 Government intervention in the market can be used to achieve various economic objectives which may not be best achieved by the market.There are several policy instruments that the government can use. At one extreme, it can totally replace the market by providing goods and services itself. At the other extreme, it can merely seek to persuade producers, consumers or workers to act differently. Between the two extremes the government has a number of instruments, it can use to change the way of markets operating. These include taxes, subsidies, laws and regulatory bodies. Taxes and subsidies When there are imperfections in the market, social efficiency will not be achieved. Marginal social benefit will not equal marginal social cost.A different level of output would be more desirable. Taxes and subsidies can be used to correct these imperfections. Essentially the approach is to tax those goods or activities where the market produces too much, and subsidies those where the market produces too little. Taxes and subsidies correct externalities. Government imposes a tax equal to the marginal external cost, grant a subsidy equal to the marginal external benefit. Taxes and subsidies are to correct for monopoly. If the problem of monopoly that the government wishes to tackle is that of excessive profit, it can impose a lump-sum tax on the monopolist.A tax of a fixed absolute amount irrespective of how much the monopolist produces, or the price it charges. Advantages of taxes and subsidies It forces firms to take on board the full social costs and benefits of their actions. It is also adjustable according to the magnitude of the problem. What is more, by taxing firms for polluting, firms are encouraged to find cleaner ways of producing. Disadvantages of taxes and subsidies Infeasible use different tax and subsidy rates. Lack of knowledge. Laws prohibiting or regulating undesirable structures or behavior Laws are frequently used to correct market imperfections.Laws can be of those main types: those that prohibit or regulate behavior that imposes external cost s, those that prevent firms providing false or misleading information, and those that prevent or regulate monopolies and oligopolies. Advantages of legal restrictions When the danger is very great, it might be much safer to ban various practices altogether rather than to rely on taxes or on individuals attempting to assert their property rights through the civil courts. Disadvantages of legal restrictions The main problem is that restrictions tend to be a rather blunt weapon.Regulatory bodies Rather than using the blunt weapon of general legislation to ban or restrict various activities, a more â€Å"subtle† approach can be adopted. This involves the use of various regulatory bodies. Having identified possible cases where action might be required, the regulatory body would probably conduct an investigation and then prepare a report containing its findings and recommendations. It might also have the power to enforce its decisions. The advantage of such bodies is that a case-by -case approach can be adopted and, as a result, the most appropriate solution adopted.However, investigations may be expensive and time consuming only a few cases may be examined, and offending firms may make various promises of good behavior which may not in fact be carried out owing to a lack of follow-up by the regulatory body. Price controls Price controls can be used either to raise prices above, or to reduce them below, the free-market level. Prices could be raised above the market equilibrium to support the incomes of certain supplier. Prices could be lowered in order to protect consumer’s interests. The direct provision of goods and servicesSocial justice, society may feel that these things should not be provided according to ability to pay. Rather they should be provided of right: an equal right based on need. Large positive externalities, people other than the consumer may benefit substantially. TASK 3 To avoid fluctuation of inflation, the related policies of gover nment are monetary policy, Fixed exchange rates, Gold standard, Wage and price controls, cost of living allowance. Monetary policy Central banks must be keeping their inter-lending rates at low levels. To target rate is around 2%-6% per year.Government can avoid inflation through setting interest rates. High interest rates and slow growth of the money supply are the traditional ways, central banks prevent inflation. Keeping the growth rate of money steadily, and using monetary policy to control it, increasing interest rate, slowing the rise in money supply. Encourage people to put money in the bank. To reduce the number of money circulation. According to Keynesian, reduces aggregate demand when the economic is expanding, and increases demand to keep inflation stable. Increase taxes or reduce government spending.Fixed exchange rates Under fixed exchange rates, a country's currency is tied in value to another single currency. This essentially means the inflation rate in the fixed exch ange rate country is determined by inflation rate of country. Fixed exchange rate prevents a government from using domestic monetary policy in order to keep economic stable. Gold standard The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold.The standard specifies how the gold backing would be implemented, including the amount of specie per currency unit. The gold standard was partially abandoned via the international adoption of the Bretton Woods System. Under this system all other major currencies were tied at fixed rates to the dollar, which itself was tied to gold at the rate of $35 per ounce. In the gold standard system, the internal value of currencies and external value in general is consistent, currency exchange between is stable and the exchange rate also have relatively solid foundation.Wage and price control Wage and price control is also called Income policy, Income policy mainly is to take wage price management policy, in order to prevent trade unions and the two groups monopoly enterprises still each other caused by the wages, prices take turns to the rising trend. Its purpose is to tries to control inflation and not lead to increased unemployment. Incomes policy based on the theory of main is pushed by cost inflation, because cost inflation is pushed by because of the rising cost of supply, especially wage increase, thus cause the price level to rise.Therefore, we must take inhibits the incomes policy, the form has the following kinds: sure wage-prices will, in order to limit wages-prices to rise. Base on compulsory measures, impose income tax policy. Cost of living allowance Keep the general level of commodity prices steady, strict control prices, the incomes of the workers and living allowance, reduce the cost of their life, so as to control income and the increased cost of products. The relationship between inflation and e mployment Demand-pull inflation When aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply, will cause the general price level continued to rise.From Philips curve, we can understand that, when aggregate demand is greater than aggregate supply, in order to meet aggregate demand in the short term, we can increase aggregate output to provide more employment. TASK 4 Supply –Demand curve Supply Supply is to point to a producers in other conditions remain unchanged, at one time, ability and willingness to for a price to market with the amount of products. A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. A supply curve is a graph that illustrates that relationship.The supply curve is supply table and supply the visualization expression, and demand form or demand function of handing over the equilibrium, is used to represent the market producers and demanders can constitute a trade goods quantity and price. The supply curve can with â€Å"curve† appeared, also can use the â€Å"straight† form. In theory, meet the supply curve only supply theorem can be tilted to the upper right. The determinants of supply follow: 1. Production costs, how much a good costs to be produced 2. Technology used in production, and/or technological advances 3. The price of related goods . Firms' expectations about future prices 5. Number of suppliers Demand Demand is to point to a consumer in other conditions remain unchanged, within certain time, ability and willingness to buy in a given price of the product quantity. The demand curve is demand form and demand function expression of visualization, and supply table or transfer the equilibrium of supply function, which is used to represent the market producers and demanders can constitute a trade goods quantity and price. The demand curve can with â€Å"curve† appeared, also can use the â€Å"straight† form.In theory, can meet the requirement of the demand c urve can only theorem is right to tilt, so Veblen Goods and Giffen Goods are general demand curve is not those from left to right leaning items. The determinants of demand follow: 1. Income 2. Tastes and preferences 3. Prices of related goods and services 4. Consumers' expectations about future prices and incomes 5. Number of potential consumers Equilibrium Equilibrium is about the price-quantity curve, it means the quantity of supply is equal to the quantity of demand.In the market, when the price is given, the quantity of products that consumers demand is balanced by the quantity of products that producers supply. Demand curve shifts At each price point, greater quantity is demanded, the curve from D1 to D2, at the same time, the equilibrium price from P1 to P2, and the equilibrium quantity from Q1 to Q2. There is an increase in demand which has caused an increase in quantity. The increase can also come from changing tastes and incomes, price changes in complementary and substitut e goods, market expectation, and number of consumers.If the demand decreases, the situation is opposite, the demand D2 down to D1, the equilibrium price decreases, and the equilibrium quantity also decreases. The quantity supplied at each price is the same as before the demand shift, reflecting the fact that the supply curve has not shifted; but the equilibrium quantity and price are different as a result of the change in demand. Supply curve shifts When the supply of a product decreases, curve from S1 to S2, it makes the equilibrium price decreases from P1 to P2, but the equilibrium quantity increases from Q1 to Q2.If the quantity of supply decreases, the curve will from S2 to S1. The equilibrium price will increase and the equilibrium quantity will decrease as consumers move along the demand curve to the new higher price and associated lower quantity demanded. Partial equilibrium Partial equilibrium as the name suggests takes into consideration only a part of the market, ceteris p aribus to attain equilibrium. Partial equilibrium is based on a limited range of data, a standard example is the price of a single product, all other prices of the products in a fixed analysis.The supply and demand model is a local equilibrium model of economic balance, clear the market prices of the goods and some specific number won independence in other markets. In other words, the prices of all the alternative and complementary, and income level of consumer is constant. Partial equilibrium analysis testing these policy actions in the influence of creating balance in the industry or market only specific directly affected, ignore its effect in any other market or industry that they were small almost no influence. AD-AS model (Long-term equilibrium)AS is long-term total supply curve, it and potential output line entirely coincidence, when the total demand curve to AD, total demand curve and long-term total supply curve intersection of the decision's production for Y E, price level for P. When the total demand increased total demand curve from AD move up to the AD, total demand curve and long-term total supply curve intersection of the decision's production for Y E, price level for P, because Y = Y = Y *, so in the long run of total demand is growing only raised the price level, and won't change the production or income. TASK 5 Market Demand for Coffee Form of D0 Price| 1. | 0. 75| 0. 5| 0. 25| Quantity| 9| 11| 12| 14| Form of D1 (Price same as D0) Price| 1. 5| 0. 75| 0. 5| 0. 25| Quantity| 7| 8| 9| 10| Form of D1 (Quantity same as D0) Price| 0. 5| 0. 2| 0. 1| 0. 05| Quantity| 9| 11| 12| 14| If we define D0 is the initial demand curve. When demand decreases, D0 will leftward to D1. We can understand from above form, when D1 same as D0 in price, quantity of D1 is decreased; when D1 same as D0 in quantity, price of D1 is decreased. So the equlibrium of D1 is also decreased. ( the quantity and the price are decreased at the same time) Form of D2 (Price same as D0 ) Price| 1. 5| 0. 75| 0. 5| 0. 25|Quantity| 11| 13| 15| 17| Form of D2 (Quantity same as D0) Price| 3| 1. 5| 1| 0. 75| Quantity| 9| 11| 12| 14| If we define D0 is the initial demand curve. When demand increases, D0 will rightward to D2. We can understand from above form, when D2 same as D0 in price, quantity of D2 is increased; when D2 same as D0 in quantity, price of D2 is increased. So the equilibrium of D2 is also increased. (the quantity and the price are increased at the same time) Factors that affect the demand for coffee Consumer income. Generally speaking, in other conditions of constant, the higher the income of consumers, the more demand for commodities.So the quantity of coffee high income consumer demand is more than the quantity of coffee low income consumer demand. Consumer preferences. When consumers of some goods of preference increased, the demand for the goods number will increase. Instead, when of preference abate, demand will reduce the number. So the quantity of coffee demand that people like coffee is more than the quantity of coffee demand that people don’t like coffee. The price of related products. When the price of a commodity itself is fixed, but and it related to other commodity price change, this kind of goods is the number needs will also be changing. o a commodity demand and alternatives to price but change, namely substitutes the increase in the price of the commodities will cause the increase of demand, the price will reduce substitute caused the reduction of the demand for commodities. Reference of assignment Begg. D. and Ward. D. (2003) Economics for business. Boston: McGraw-Hill Economics for business. Press: FT Finance Abel, Andrew; Bernanke, Ben (2005). Macroeconomics (5th ed. ). Pearson Websites: http://www. conservapedia. com http://en. wikipedia. org

Develop your own marketing communication model derived from academic Assignment - 1

Develop your own marketing communication model derived from academic research. Use this model to analyse the Marketing Communications Campaign of your chosen FMCG (Nescaf) brand - Assignment Example Marketing communications, as defined by Egan (2007, p. 1), is â€Å"the means by which a supplier of goods, services, values and/or ideas represent themselves to their target audience with the goal of stimulating dialogue leading to a better commercial or other relationships†. Marketing communications is said to be good when it takes into account three primary elements i.e. audience, message and media (Dahlà ©n, Lange & Smith 2009). These three elements are interlinked and the decision regarding marketing communication tools must take into account all three of them. Marketing communication tools are also known as marketing communications mix or promotional mix. Egan (2007, p. 17) defined these tools as â€Å"tools used in marketing communications such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing etc†. Now the company has to decide how well it can integrate these tools in order to ensure they get a positive feedback from the whol e communication process. Communication process is presented below. There are several marketing communications models developed after much research on the effect of communications on product marketing. All of them try to explore different facets on how consumers perceive information provided to them by the marketer and how they react to it. Since positive reaction/feedback enhance company’s profits therefore communicating a product in a right manner to the target audiences is very important. Following head discusses the marketing communication models in detail with particular emphasis on two models, Strong’s AIDA model and Mindscape of Integrated Marketing Communications Model (extended version presented by Hartley & Pickton 2010). Marketing communications which is also referred to as Integrated Marketing Communications is â€Å"a process of using a wide range

Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement Essay

Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement - Essay Example Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement Canada as a country is renowned for its skillful ideas in research, innovation and invention and production of different types of manufactured products. These products include industrial and machinery, rail products, agricultural and medical equipments. The Canada’s gross domestic product was $42.7 billion resulting from employing approximately 418, 000 Canadian individuals in the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, the European Union benefits from Canada on products such as aero products, rail products and agricultural goods, and medical products, scientific and precision equipments. However, the trade between Canada and European Union is affected by 22 percent tariff on the goods exported and imported. This has been affecting the trade making the European Union to get goods at costly prices (Canada). Upon the completion of the agreement, the Canada-EU trade agreement will work to reduce and remove most of the existing EU tariffs on the manufactured goods, which include electrical parts and equipments and medical equipments. The reduction of physical barriers on the market will help to increase market access for exports and imports. Additionally, the agreement gives opportunities of helping Canada and EU identify different ways and steps of either preventing imposition of non-tariff barriers or direct deal with them when they arise.

Humanitarian Supply Chains & Disaster Relief Management Assignment

Humanitarian Supply Chains & Disaster Relief Management - Assignment Example â€Å"In addition, international humanitarian law and international criminal law prohibit acts of torture and ill-treatment not limited to those perpetrated by government forces, but also by members of armed groups.† (Caring for human rights challenges and opportunities for nurses and midwives, 2006). However, it is necessary and even imperative that disasters need to be stopped on their tracks through global satellite positioning techniques and Early Warning Systems (EWS). But this is easier said than done. Nevertheless, â€Å"practicing information gathering during a non-critical event or during a disaster to which the team is not responding is an excellent way to practice and hone skills.† (Budd n.d, p.14). There needs to be maximum consistency, coordination and assimilation between discrete, independent and diverse agencies along the humanitarian supply chain if the main objectives of such efforts are to fructify the threat of disasters itself rather than to underta ke relief and rescue operations after the horses have bolted from their stables. This study considers the critical appraisal and evaluation of the importance of logistics and supply chain management aspects and their impacts on humanitarian supply chain and disaster relief management. Humanitarian logistics underpin relief and rescue operations throughout the world. â€Å"The process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of meeting the end beneficiary’s requirements.†